RankBrain was never announced by Google. It became public through a Bloomberg report on 26th Oct 2015, which Google then confirmed to Search Engine Land.
Search Engine Land's FAQ, built on that confirmation, defines it as "Google's name for a machine-learning artificial intelligence system that's used to help process its search results".
The claim that travelled furthest came from Bloomberg's Google source. RankBrain had "become what Google says is the third-most important factor for ranking webpages", per the FAQ.
Google's own description today is narrower. Its ranking systems guide lists RankBrain as an active system that "helps us understand how words are related to concepts".
Unlike Panda or Penguin, RankBrain has never been retired or folded away. It remains on Google's list of current systems.