Google's ranking systems guide is the primary record. It lists Hummingbird under retired systems as "a major improvement to our overall ranking systems made in August 2013".
The public announcement came a month later, at an event for Google's 15th birthday on 26th Sep 2013. Google said it had been in use for about a month, per Search Engine Land's report that day.
Per that report, Google said the name came from being "precise and fast". The stated aim was "conversational search" and "the meaning behind the words" rather than matching individual keywords.
Google published no blog post and no percentage. The guide adds that its "ranking systems have continued to evolve since then, just as they had been evolving before".